Also See: Endorsements





TABLE OF CONTENTS








PREFACE

PART ONE—NATURE'S DESIGN OF A FOREST VERSUS OUR DESIGN OF A FOREST
Nature designed a forest as an experiment in unpredictability.
We are trying to design a regulated forest.

Nature designed a forest of long-term trends.
We are trying to design a forest of short-term absolutes.

Nature designed a forest with diversity.
We are designing a forest with simplistic uniformity.

Nature designed a forest with interrelated processes.
We are trying to design a forest based on isolated products.

Nature designed a forest in which all elements are neutral.
We are designing a forest in which we perceive some elements as good, others bad.

Nature designed a forest to be a flexible, timeless continuum of species.
We are designing a forest to be a rigid, time-constrained monoculture.

Nature designed a forest over a landscape.
We are trying to design a forest on each acre.

Nature designed Pacific Northwest forests to live 500-1200 years.
We are designing a forest that may seldom live 100 years.

Nature designed Pacific Northwest forests to be unique in the word—25 species of conifers, 7 major ones, the longest lived and the largest of their genera.
We are designing a forest based largely on a single-species, short rotation.

Nature designed a forest to be self-sustaining, self-repairing.
We are designing a forest to require increasing external subsides—fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides.

PART 2—AS WE THINK SO WE MANAGE
Technology, science, and uncertainty
Special cases and common denominators
Short-term economic expedience
Greece
Mediterrenean
Middle East
Forest decline
Of automobiles and forests
On genetics and Swiss bank accounts
A forest is cyclical, not linear
What you see is not the whole story
Ace is low
Where are you?
There is no magic hinge
Planning—our half-used data

PART 3—CHANGE, WHY ARE WE AFRAID OF IT?
No "enemies" are "out there"
The crack in the sidewalk
To judge or not to judge
decisions, Decisions, DECISIONS
A good decision
Of captains and cooks
Hidden agendas
Emotion and logic
A gift from Elisabeth
Our human experience

PART 4—WE ARE AS FREE AS OUR IMAGINATION
Sustainable forests = sustainable harvests
Who old growth
If we really want the spotted owl to survive
And God gave us only so much water
The enemy in the courtroom
Alice in objectiveland
"…it was then that I carried you."
Restoration forestry
The future is today

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2

LITERATURE CITED


Endorsements:

"The principles set out in The Redesigned Forest are not restricted to forests, but are equally applicable to any other natural ecosystem on planet earth, and Chris Maser's erudite and yet easy-to-follow writing and his keen perceptiveness are a welcome and refreshing breeze in a world in need of hope."

Dr. S. C. J. Jourbert
Warden, Kruger National Park
Skukuza, South Africa


"This is a very personal book of the author's philosophy of life and love for our planet and all things. It is full of … ecological wisdom: must reading for those who care (or should care) about sustaining our forest. My dream is that Chris Maser's ideas will take root, grow, and flourish."

Barry R. Flamm
Chief Forester
The Wilderness Society


"In The Redesigned Forest, Chris Maser issues a serious, sensible, and sensitive challenge to the way in which the forest lands of northwest North America are managed. For too long, the land and its vast and diverse resources have been viewed as conquerable and inexhaustable. Also for too long, its management and use have been shaped by policies encouraging short-term, economic gain. In this process, man has isolated himself from the land. Secure in towns and cities far away from the forest lands, politicians and technocrats pay no serious attention to the devastating consequences of their undertakings.

"The human species is an interdependent and integral part of the land, the water, the air, the animals, and all of Creation. As it nourishes us, as it clothes us, and as it warms us, the earth is like our mother. And as we owe to our mother, we have a duty and responsibility to protect it for the generations yet to come."

Edward John
Tribal Chief
Carrier Sekani Tribal Council
Prince George, B.C., Canada


"Chris Maser calls for a new way of envisioning the forest … one that is broad enough to allow for a multitude of values and perspectives. Indeed, in the long run, the very survival of humanity will depend on this. In helping us to look through his eyes at the integrations found within a forest ecosystem, Maser is, at the same time, helping his readers to become more cognizant and sensitive to the need for personal and cultural integration and transformation. For it is by learning to heal ourselves and our relationships with each other that we can learn to heal the world about us. Thus, it is only in the restoration of human dignity that we begin to have restoration forestry."

Dr. Duncan M. Taylor
Environmental Studies Program
University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada.


"The work of Chris Maser, a former BLM employee, stands as perhaps the most striking testament to the ferment that is now taking place within the federal land agencies. The Redesigned Forest is a provocative, highly readable call to arms for fundamental reform of our policy toward old-growth forests. Maser's creative thinking and writing surely will figure prominently in the comprehensive reassessment that we are now undergoing in regard to our treatment of the nation's forest lands."

Charles F. Wilkinson
Professor of Law
University of Colorado at Boulder.


"I'm about half way through Chris Maser's THE REDESIGNED FOREST, having recently finished a related book THE FOREST AND THE TREES, by Gorden Robison. In both cases I believe that the authors view forest management as art, not science, but feel that science may be of some use to help better understand the dynamics of the interrelated systems and subsystems that constitute forests. Maser's illustrations are anecdotal, I believe, and not meant to be comprehensive. His appeal is for us to admit how very little we really know about the environment and the many interrelated, dynamic systems that make it up. Maser's style is romantic, and will no doubt cause consternation among some scientists. His plea is for synthesis, much like that made by Allan Bloom in THE CLOSING OF THE AMERICAN MIND in his highly controversial criticism of American education. In arriving at this synthesis, Maser would want us to manage forests after considering as many interrelationships as possible, tracking consequences of action broadly across space and through time. I like the book, while recognizing some human failings in its construction—Maser just didn't have ten years to wait to try to perfect his plea, the Old Growth in the Pacific Northwest might be gone by then. But there are those who take a far dimmer view—read on."

Dave Iverson
Eco-Watch


"In The Redesigned Forest, Chris Maser has written for the layperson an accessible, gentle, and non-confrontational book that casts serious doubt on current forest management policies in British Columbia. … The Redesigned Forest deserves a prominent place in the discussion currently underway as British Columbians try to develop a sustainable forest management policy to take us into the 21st century."

Gary Swann
Pacific Tribune,
Vancouver, B.C., Canada.


"Author, lecturer, and international consultant on forest management issues, Chris Maser of Corvallis, Oregon, is known to some as the 'Ghandi of the Forest.' He was employed as research biologist for 12 years with the Bureau of Land Management and is considered an expert on ancient or old-growth forests. His informed, nonadversarial approach toward environmental issues and competing interest groups has won him the respect of conservationists, government agencies, and members of the timber industry. … Your book, 'The Redesigned Forest,' seems to be written as much by a poet as a scientist."

Will Hornyak
The Stewards' Journal.


"When it was first published, Chris Maser's book almost immediately became a classic, a 'must read' for those concerned with forest issues. The work is a far-reaching discussion of our cultural mindset and how it has led to destructive, inappropriate forestry. In the environmental debate the forestry industry frequently poses the familiar conundrum "We depend on the forests; why would we destroy them? The Redesigned Forest explains why.

"Understanding the book requires an introduction to Maser himself. A long time Bureau of Land Management employee working on forest issues, Maser began as a research biologist. He is now a private consultant on sustainable forestry. Maser knows his subject intimately and speaks with passion.

"The first section of the book compares what a forest actually is with what we believe it to be. Our conventional forestry treats forests as simple wood fibre factories, a sort of tall lawn that serves only one purpose. Forests are actually complex coevolved, coadapted systems that operate to modify moisture regimes, temperature, air movement and physical geography, that build, hold, and alter soil, and that incidentally produce wood fibre.

"It is this conflict between our perspective and biological reality that is the focus of the following sections. Maser looks at how a combination of economic expedience, short term need, and our patterns of thinking have determined forestry policy and practice, in this century particularly, with only casual consideration of the biological realities of forests.

"In the third section Maser leaves forestry per se to discuss human psychology and philosophy, with a view to understanding our decision-making process. In particular, he discusses the influence of some idealists, who would have us believe that people in positions of authority make decisions based on careful consideration of the facts.

"It is also in this section that Maser starts to lay the basis for envisioning forests in a new way, through a combination of scientific fact, personal philosophy and a deep love for the natural world.

"In the final section Maser offers alternatives to our current practices, realistic and practical approaches that would allow for sustained forest use in a nondestructive way.

"The Redesigned Forest is not definitive, nor detailed in a technical sense. Its vision is more epic, its ideas embracing. For those who wish to understand why a tree farm is not, and can never be a forest, Maser continues to be a 'must read.'"

Mike Kaulbars
Peace and Environment News


"Chris Maser's most prominent book was published in 1988 and is entitled The Redesigned Forest. He uses the notion of a 'redesigned' forest in order to differentiate his approach from the 'forest management' school of the U.S. Forest Service. Maser worked for twenty years as a research scientist for the Forest Service, and includes many useful details in his book. The biggest problem with his book, however, is the patronizing, evangelical polemic dominating almost every page. The evangelical tone threatens to discount his most valuable insights. A characteristic passage appears at the end of the introduction:

Three things I would like you to understand before you read this book. First, I recognize, as we strive to maintain sustainable forests, that we are faced with the constant struggle of accepting change and its accompanying uncertainties and this often gives rise to fear of the future. We must therefore be gentle with one another and do whatever we do with love because there are no "enemies" out there, only frightened people. Second, ideas change the world; people change ideas. And people must change before ideas will change. Third, all we have in the world as human beings is each other; if we lose sight of each other, we have nothing.

"Certainly the emotional proselytizing of this passage is quite different from the German perspectives I have shown earlier.

"This is not to discount Maser's work altogether. The main point of his book, and he often refers to the history of German forestry for support, is that a forest consists as much of what is below the ground as it does of what is above. To 'redesign' the forest, then, involves an increased awareness of root structures, water run-off patterns, planting strategies, and soil toxicity. His argument is that 'we must have a sustainable forest before we can have a sustainable yield.' We cannot allow our forests to be treated as 'short-term tree plantations.' The evidence he gives in support of these arguments is impressive, and I can recommend them to you. The problem is the nearly fundamentalist quality of his agrarian utopianism."

Dr. Steven Taubeneck
Environmental Ethics: Sustainability, Competition, & Forestry
The Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia


"Every forest landowner should be encouraged to read The Redesigned Forest, a book by Chris Maser, a professional forester living in Oregon. (Unfortunately, this excellent book is no longer in print, but may be found in libraries or used-book stores.)"

Ramon L. Kent
Stewardship Forester
Lacey, Washington


"I'm an ex-journalist, now a sustainable tourism development consultant. When I retrained by taking a degree at the University of Victoria in 1988-1990, your Redeisgned Forest was the most influential textbook I read (and it wasn't on any course list). You put words to many of the basic concepts (like the value of soil) that had previously been only intuitive."

Bruce Whyte
Community Visions Consulting, Inc.
British Columbia, Canada


"my name is mia, i am a student at Ramapo college of new jersey.  i have read your book The Redesigned Forest for my forest resources class.  let me first tell you how much your book moved me.  it made me realize how often i am not truly 'present' and it also boosted my self esteem to read about the part of your book that discusses fear of not being accepted by others if they happen to catch you being the REAL you, if you should ever happen to slip out of character.  your book has reinstilled my beliefs, taught me a great deal about how the forest operates as a whole, made me understand myself and very much so others, all while being an incredably enjoyable read.  and at no time did you assume to know ALL of the answers, which i respect.  i would like to deeply thank you.  you have a wonderful soul and are very talented in expressing your ideas which is so very important given that we are in a point of time where the spreading of knowledge and ideas outside of what is presented in mainstream media are our best chance for change.  namaste, i honor the light inside of you that is within us all.  yours truly and sincerely, mia. "

"Chris Maser's (1990) book The Redesigned Forest unquestioningly was influential in challenging the status quo [of silviculture] in the Pacific Northwest, and in turn, the country. This debate, still very much ongoing, has caused the maturing forestry profession to reexamine its core values."

Robert S. Seymour
Hutchins Professor of Forest Resources,
Department of Forest Ecosystem Science,
University of Maine, Orono


"The author clearly explains the natural design of a forest, and how science and technology have tried to change that design. If you're interested in knowing about forests, this book is a important addition to your library."

L. Landry
Virginia


Cover for The Redesigned Forest by Chris Maser, Linking to Amazon's Information Pages