PREFACE
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 1: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE CONCEPT
THE ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABILITY
First Element: The Waterbed Principle
Second Element: Understanding and Accepting Nature's Inviolate Biophysical
Principles
Third Element: Understanding and Accepting That We Do Not and Cannot Manage
Nature
Fourth Element: Understanding and Accepting That We Make an Ecosystem
More Fragile When We Alter It
Self-Destruction
Loss of Labor Pool
Introduced Technology
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollutants
Direct and Indirect Pollution of Soil and Water
Fifth Element: Understanding and Accepting That We Must Reinvest in Living Systems Even as We Reinvest in
Businesses
Sixth Element: Understanding and Accepting That Only a Systemic Worldview Is a Sustainable Worldview
The Transition
Seventh Element: Accepting Our Ignorance and Trusting Our Intuition, While Doubting Our Knowledge
Eighth Element: Specifying What Is to Be Sustained
Ninth Element: Understanding and Accepting That Sustainability Is a Continual Process, Not a Fixed End Point
Tenth Element: Understanding, Accepting, and Being Accountable for Intergenerational Equity
Eleventh Element: Understanding, Accepting, and Being Accountable for Biophysical Limitations to Land
"Ownership" and the Rights of "Private Property"
HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Between People and the Environment
Between People in the Present and Those of the Future
THE QUESTIONS WE ASK
When Is Enough, Enough?
Are the Consequences of our Decisions Reversible?
A Ditch
A Dam
Soil
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 2: TRUE COMMUNITY IS FOUNDED ON A SENSE OF PLACE, HISTORY, AND TRUST
COMMUNITY HISTORY
MONEY VERSUS WEALTH
THE VALUE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL
REWEAVING THE SOCIAL FABRIC
GRIEVING FOR OUR ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL LOSSES
OF LEISURE AND COMMUNITY
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 3: NATURE'S INVIOLABLE BIOPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND LAND USE PLANNING
PRINCIPLE 1—EVERYTHING IS A RELATIONSHIP
Application to Land Use Planning
Example: Industrial Symbiosis, Kalundborg, Denmark
Energy Flows
Materials Flows
PRINCIPLE 2—ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE INCLUSIVE AND PRODUCTIVE OF AN OUTCOME
Application to Land Use Planning
Example: The Slow Movement
PRINCIPLE 3—THE ONLY TRUE INVESTMENT IN OUR GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM IS ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT
Application to Land Use Planning
Examples: Municipal Ordinances
PRINCIPLE 4—ALL SYSTEMS ARE DEFINED BY THEIR FUNCTION
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Sustainable Seattle Community Idea and Project Proposal Checklist
PRINCIPLE 5—ALL RELATIONSHIPS RESULT IN A TRANSFER OF ENERGY
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Sustainable Seattle Indicators Report
PRINCIPLE 6—ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE SELF-REINFORCING FEEDBACK LOOPS
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Eco-municipalities
PRINCIPLE 7—ALL RELATIONSHIPS HAVE ONE OR MORE TRADE-OFFS
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Well-considered Trade-offs in Salt Lake City, UT
PRINCIPLE 8—CHANGE IS A PROCESS OF ETERNAL BECOMING
Immediate Change
Understanding Historical Change
Change as a Historical Continuum
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: City of Santa Cruz, CA 1989
PRINCIPLE 9—ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE IRREVERSIBLE
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Wetland Mitigation Banks and the No-Net-Loss Requirement
PRINCIPLE 10—ALL SYSTEMS ARE BASED ON COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Removing Invasive Species
PRINCIPLE 11—ALL SYSTEMS HAVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS, LAG PERIODS, AND THRESHOLDS
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Tasmania: Land Use Planning and Approvals Act of 1993
PRINCIPLE 12—ALL SYSTEMS ARE CYCLICAL, BUT NONE ARE PERFECT CIRCLES
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: Replacing a Shopping Center with an Ecological Neighborhood, Phalen Park, St. Paul Minnesota, 2005
PRINCIPLE 13—SYSTEMIC CHANGE IS BASED ON SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Example: see Principle 8
PRINCIPLE 14—DYNAMIC DISEQUILIBRIUM RULES ALL SYSTEMS
Application of Principle to Land Use Planning
Closing Comment
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 4: PLANNING FOR A LOCAL LIVING ECONOMY: REINVENTING THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
LIVING ECONOMY DEFINED
COMMUNITY AS ECOSYTEM
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR A LOCAL LIVING ECONOMY
Example: Human Capital
Housing
Public Utilities and Facilities
Wastewater Treatment
Water Supply
Energy
Waste Management
Transportation
Food and Nutrition
Cultural Resources
Example: Financial Capital
Economic Development
Local First Ithaca
Alternative Business Ownership Models
Fostering Economic Development Through Human-Scale Public Improvements
Natural Capital
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 5: PLANNING FOR A LOCAL LIVING ECONOMY: NATURE'S BIOPHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
PROTECTING NATURE'S FREE SERVICES
PROTECTING DIVERSITY THROUGH CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE
PLANNING
Habitat
Open Space
Communal Open Space
Water
Quiet
Surrounding Landscape
Agricultural Cropland
Forestland
Riparian Areas and Floodplains
Riparian Areas
Floodplains
THE MISGUIDED ROLE OF TODAY'S PLANNING FOR TRANSPORTATION
WHEN A COMMUNITY'S POPULATION BEGINS TO DESTROY ITS QUALITY OF LIFE
IN THE END, IT IS A QUESTION OF BIOLOGICAL CARRYING CAPACITY versus CULTURAL
CARRYING CAPACITY
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 6: REFRAMING THE PROBLEM
ALL OF LIFE IS CYCLIC
WE MAKE WHAT WE ARE
HUMANKIND IN AMNESIA
COMPETING INSTINCTS AND ECOLOGICAL UNCONSCIOUS
REMOVING THE BLAME FACTOR
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 7: MODELING THE PLANNING PROCESS AFTER NATURE
ZERO WASTE
DIVERSITY WITHIN THE PLANNING PROCESS
STRENGTHENING THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH SELF-ORGANIZATION
FREE-FLOWING COMMUNICATION
OPEN SPACE PLANNING, AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS
STEP-BY-STEP: A SUGGESTED PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
Setting the Stage for Planning
Step 1: Mining for Meaning-Obtaining Community Values
Step 2: Creating a Community Vision
Step 3: Preparing Elements of the Plan
A TOP-DOWN PLANNING PROCESS: LESSONS FROM THE FIELD
Bioengineering versus Natural Processes
I. Riverbank Instability and its Risk of Failure
II. The Riverfront Forest
III. The Outcome of the Proposed Project is Uncertain
Listening—Really Listening—to the Citizens
Or Only Pretending to Really Listen
Eliminating Unwelcome Voices Within
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 8: IMPLEMENTING THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
ZONING ORDINANCES
The Percent Impervious Surfaces
Building setbacks
Plans for Erosion Control and Contouring the Land
Open Space Requirements
Requirements for Landscaping
Design Controls: Site Design, Architecture, and Signage
Site Design
Architectural standards
Signage standards
TRANSITIONING TO LOCAL LIVING ECONOMY LAND USE PRACTICES
Overlay districts
Revisions to development standards to accommodate green building practices
OTHER REGULATORY APPROACHES TO LAND USE CONTROL
Protection of Farmlands
Population Growth Rate and New Construction
NON-REGULATORY METHODS OF CONTROLLING LAND USE
Incentive-Based Tools
Outright Purchase of Land
Donated Conservation Easements
Purchase of Development Rights
Transfer of development rights
Incentives Themselves
Development Review
Citizen-initiated Development Review
Obstacles to Development Review
Fiscal Impact Analysis: Require of Specified Development Proposals
Environmental Impact Analysis
Checklists for Sustainability
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 9: MONITORING PROGRESS
CHANGE AND OUR PERCEPTION OF IT
CREATING MEASURES OF PROGRESS
OUTPUTS VS. OUTCOMES
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 10: ONGOING COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT—CITIZENS AS PLANNERS
KNOWING OUR AUDIENCE
WHAT DO WE NEED TO BE COMMUNICATING AND HOW
IS A "PARADIGM SHIFT" OCCURRING?
BARRIERS TO OVERCOME
SUMMARY
ENDNOTES
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Editor's Note for the "CRC Press" Book Series, Social-Environmental Sustainability:
"The book you are holding is part of a series on the various aspects of social-environmental sustainability. Land-Use Planning For Sustainable Development focuses on the primacy and quality of relationships among people sharing a particular place and between those people and their environment. "Development" means personal and social transformation to a higher level of consciousness and a greater responsibility toward the next generation. "Sustainability" is the act whereby one generation saves options by passing them to the next generation, which saves options by passing them to the next, and so on.
This series of books on the various facets of social-environmental sustainability is a forum in which those who dare to seek harmony and wholeness can struggle to integrate disciplines and balance the material world with the spiritual, the scientific with the social, and in so doing expose their vulnerabilities, human frailties, and hope, as well as their visions for a sustainable future
In writing this book, we are reminded of a comment author Scott Nearing noted many years ago when he wrote on a small card, "The majority will always be for caution, hesitation, and the status quo-always against creation and innovation. The innovator—he [or she] who leaves the beaten track—must therefore always be a minoritarian-always be an object of opposition, scorn, hatred. It is part of the price he [or she] must pay for the ecstasy that accompanies creative thinking and acting."
As the title of this book implies, Land-use Planning for Sustainable Development, is part of our human journey toward the ideal of social-environmental sustainability as an unconditional gift from the present generation to those of the future. Although some people are quick to point out that ideas, such as those expressed in this book, are against what society has come to unquestioningly accept as "human nature," we disagree. This notion is unacceptable when our present course is inextricably impoverishing each successive generation. Besides, those who are afraid of change inevitable point to ideas that differ from their own and say they are impractical. However, so-called "impracticality" is merely a horizon of ideas that have not yet been tested. Until they are, how does one know they are 'impractical?'"
Chris Maser, Series Editor
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